14 July 2024

根据布鲁斯•塔克曼 (Bruce Tuckman)的团队发展阶段(Stages of Team Development)模型。团队发展分为五个阶段:组建期( Forming )、激荡期( Storming )、规范期( Norming )、执行期( Performing )和休整期( Adjourning )。(Tuckman and Jensen 1977)

根据 Tuckman,所有五个阶段都是必须的、不可逾越的,团队在成长、迎接挑战、处理问题、发现方案、规划、处置结果等一系列经历过程中必然要经过上述五个阶段。

Hellriegel (Organizational Behavior 2005) 介绍了一个团队激荡期的案例,在能力参差不齐的一个团队中,出现了以下这些情况:

But, in most cases, the teams seemed to become stuck in the storming stage. The more skilled employees on many of the teams pitted themselves against slower team members, which damaged morale and triggered infighting. Threats and insults became common. Longtime friendships dissolved as faster workers tried to banish slower ones.

这里,作者用了 infighting 表示内讧。很容易理解,in- 表示内部,fighting 则是争斗。也就是内部的争斗,内讧。

infighting between departments grew worse. 部门间的内讧变得严重了。

the split was designed to end political infighting. 部门划分是为了结束内部的政治斗争。

前面那段文字里还用到了pit oneself against sb与某人竞争。

to pit one’s wits against sb. 与某人斗智斗勇。

团队的激荡期是比较关键的时期,如果没处理好,会出现混乱,原来的好同事也会成为敌人了。这时候也不能选择逃避 suppress 和退缩 withdraw ,要公开公平的表达各个团队成员的意见,才能达成共识。逃避和退缩只会留下后患,成为定时炸弹随时爆炸。

顺利经过了Storming stage,就到了 Norming stage,大家理性的坐下来建立团队合作的规章制度和准则。之后,才能输出团队效能。

References

Organizational Behavior. 2005. South-Western College Pub.
Tuckman, Bruce W., and M. A. C. Jensen. 1977. “Stages of Small-Group Development Revisited.” Groups and Organization Studies.